grandes-ecoles 2020 Q16

grandes-ecoles · France · mines-ponts-maths1__mp_cpge Matrices Linear Transformation and Endomorphism Properties
We fix a real vector space $E$ of dimension $n$, as well as a nilpotent vector subspace $\mathcal{V}$ of $\mathcal{L}(E)$, equipped with an inner product $(-\mid-)$. We consider an arbitrary vector $x$ of $E \backslash \{0\}$, and set
$$H := \operatorname{Vect}(x)^{\perp}, \quad \mathcal{V} x := \{v(x) \mid v \in \mathcal{V}\} \text{ and } \mathcal{W} := \{v \in \mathcal{V} : v(x) = 0\}$$
We consider the sets $\overline{\mathcal{V}} := \{\bar{u} \mid u \in \mathcal{W}\}$ and $\mathcal{Z} := \{u \in \mathcal{W} : \bar{u} = 0\}$. Given $a \in E$ and $x \in E$, $(a \otimes x)(z) = (a \mid z) \cdot x$ for all $z \in E$. There exists a vector subspace $L$ of $E$ such that $\mathcal{Z} = \{a \otimes x \mid a \in L\}$ and $x \in L^{\perp}$.
By considering $u$ and $a \otimes x$ for $u \in \mathcal{V}$ and $a \in L$, deduce from Lemma A that $\mathcal{V} x \subset L^{\perp}$, and that more generally $u^{k}(x) \in L^{\perp}$ for every $k \in \mathbf{N}$ and every $u \in \mathcal{V}$.
We fix a real vector space $E$ of dimension $n$, as well as a nilpotent vector subspace $\mathcal{V}$ of $\mathcal{L}(E)$, equipped with an inner product $(-\mid-)$. We consider an arbitrary vector $x$ of $E \backslash \{0\}$, and set

$$H := \operatorname{Vect}(x)^{\perp}, \quad \mathcal{V} x := \{v(x) \mid v \in \mathcal{V}\} \text{ and } \mathcal{W} := \{v \in \mathcal{V} : v(x) = 0\}$$

We consider the sets $\overline{\mathcal{V}} := \{\bar{u} \mid u \in \mathcal{W}\}$ and $\mathcal{Z} := \{u \in \mathcal{W} : \bar{u} = 0\}$. Given $a \in E$ and $x \in E$, $(a \otimes x)(z) = (a \mid z) \cdot x$ for all $z \in E$. There exists a vector subspace $L$ of $E$ such that $\mathcal{Z} = \{a \otimes x \mid a \in L\}$ and $x \in L^{\perp}$.

By considering $u$ and $a \otimes x$ for $u \in \mathcal{V}$ and $a \in L$, deduce from Lemma A that $\mathcal{V} x \subset L^{\perp}$, and that more generally $u^{k}(x) \in L^{\perp}$ for every $k \in \mathbf{N}$ and every $u \in \mathcal{V}$.