In this section we consider a circle $\mathcal{C}(\Omega, r)$ with center $\Omega$ and non-zero radius $r$, tangent to the $x$-axis. We call $L$, with coordinates $(\lambda, 0)$, the point of tangency of $\mathcal{C}(\Omega, r)$ with the $x$-axis. Let $A$ be a matrix whose eigenvalue circle equals $\mathcal{C}(\Omega, r)$.
Show that there exists a unique non-zero real $\alpha$ such that $A$ is directly orthogonally similar to the matrix $T_{\lambda,\alpha} = \left(\begin{array}{cc} \lambda & \alpha \\ 0 & \lambda \end{array}\right)$. Specify $\alpha$ using the elements of the matrix $A$. Where can we find this number on the eigenvalue circle?

We fix two symplectic forms $\omega$ and $\omega _ { 1 }$ on $E$, and let $u \in \mathrm{GL}(E)$ be the unique automorphism such that $\omega_1(x,y) = \omega(u(x),y)$ for all $(x,y) \in E^2$. We assume that $E$ is of dimension 4 and that $u$ has no real eigenvalue. Let $\mathcal{B}$ be a basis of $E$ such that $\operatorname{Mat}_{\mathcal{B}}(\omega) = J_4$, and let $U \in \mathcal{M}_4(\mathbb{R})$ be the matrix of $u$ in $\mathcal{B}$. Let $\lambda \in \mathbb{C} \backslash \mathbb{R}$ and $Z, Y \in \mathbb{C}^4$ be as in question 15.
Let $Z _ { 1 } , Z _ { 2 } , Y _ { 1 } , Y _ { 2 }$ be vectors of $\mathbb { R } ^ { 4 }$ such that $Z = Z _ { 1 } + i Z _ { 2 }$ and $Y = Y _ { 1 } + i Y _ { 2 }$. Let $\left( z _ { 1 } , z _ { 2 } , y _ { 1 } , y _ { 2 } \right) \in E ^ { 4 }$ have coordinates respectively $Z _ { 1 } , Z _ { 2 } , Y _ { 1 } , Y _ { 2 }$ in the basis $\mathcal { B }$. Show that $\widetilde { \mathcal { B } } : = \left( z _ { 1 } , z _ { 2 } , y _ { 1 } , - y _ { 2 } \right)$ is a basis of $E$.

Conclude that $A_n(a,b,c)$ is diagonalizable and give its eigenvalues.

We set $M_n = \left(\begin{array}{ccccc} 0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & & \ddots & \ddots & 0 \\ 0 & & & \ddots & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & \cdots & \cdots & 0 \end{array}\right)$ and $\omega_n = \mathrm{e}^{2i\pi/n}$.
Justify that $M_n$ is diagonalizable. Specify its eigenvalues (expressed using $\omega_n$) and give a basis of eigenvectors of $M_n$.

We set $A_1 = \left(\begin{array}{ccc} 3 & -2 & 4 \\ -2 & 6 & 2 \\ 4 & 2 & 3 \end{array}\right)$.
Orthodiagonalize $A_1$.

Let $n$ be a natural integer with $n \geqslant 2$. For any real number $x$, we consider the following matrix in $\mathscr{M}_{n}(\mathbb{R})$ $$M_{x} = \left(\begin{array}{ccccc} x & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 1 & 1 & \cdots & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & x \end{array}\right)$$ Show that the matrix $-M_{0}$ is diagonalizable and determine its eigenvalues and eigenspaces.

Let $n$ be a natural integer with $n \geqslant 2$. For any real number $x$, we consider the following matrix in $\mathscr{M}_n(\mathbb{R})$ $$M_x = \left(\begin{array}{ccccc} x & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x & \cdots & 1 & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 1 & 1 & \cdots & x & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & x \end{array}\right).$$ Show that the matrix $-M_0$ is diagonalizable and determine its eigenvalues and eigenspaces.

Consider expressing the following matrix $\boldsymbol { A }$ in a form of $\boldsymbol { A } = \boldsymbol { P } \boldsymbol { D } \boldsymbol { P } ^ { - 1 }$, using a diagonal matrix $\boldsymbol { D }$ and a regular matrix $\boldsymbol { P }$. Here, $a$ is a real number.
$$A = \left( \begin{array} { l l l } 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 3 & a \\ 0 & a & 2 \end{array} \right)$$
I. When $a = 1$, find a diagonal matrix $D$.
II. When $a = 1$, prove $\boldsymbol { x } ^ { \mathrm { T } } \boldsymbol { A } \boldsymbol { x } > 0$ for any three-dimensional non-zero real vector $\boldsymbol { x }$. $\boldsymbol { x } ^ { \mathrm { T } }$ represents the transpose of $\boldsymbol { x }$.
III. Find the condition of $a$ which satisfies $\boldsymbol { x } ^ { \mathrm { T } } \boldsymbol { A } \boldsymbol { x } > 0$ for any three-dimensional non-zero real vector $\boldsymbol { x }$.
IV. Assume that $a$ satisfies the condition obtained in Question III.
For a real vector $\boldsymbol { b } = \left( \begin{array} { c } a \\ 0 \\ - 1 \end{array} \right)$, express the minimum value of the function $f ( \boldsymbol { x } ) = \boldsymbol { x } ^ { \mathrm { T } } \boldsymbol { A } \boldsymbol { x } - \boldsymbol { b } ^ { \mathrm { T } } \boldsymbol { x }$ by using $a$.

Problem 2

Answer the following questions about a real symmetric matrix, $\boldsymbol { A }$ :
$$A = \left( \begin{array} { l l l } 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 2 & 3 \end{array} \right)$$
I. Find all the different eigenvalues of matrix $\boldsymbol { A } , \lambda _ { 1 } , \cdots , \lambda _ { r } \left( \lambda _ { 1 } < \cdots < \lambda _ { r } \right)$.
II. Find all the eigenspaces $W \left( \lambda _ { 1 } \right) , \cdots , W \left( \lambda _ { r } \right)$ corresponding to $\lambda _ { 1 } , \cdots , \lambda _ { r }$, respectively.
III. Find an orthonormal basis, $\boldsymbol { b } _ { 1 } , \boldsymbol { b } _ { 2 } , \boldsymbol { b } _ { 3 }$, which belongs to either of $W \left( \lambda _ { 1 } \right) , \cdots , W \left( \lambda _ { r } \right)$, obtained in Question II.
IV. Find the spectral decomposition of $A$ :
$$A = \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { r } \lambda _ { i } P _ { i }$$
where $\boldsymbol { P } _ { i }$ is the projection matrix onto $W \left( \lambda _ { i } \right)$.
V. Find $A ^ { n }$, where $n$ is any positive integer.