todai-math 2024 Q2

todai-math · Japan · todai-engineering-math Invariant lines and eigenvalues and vectors Diagonalize a matrix explicitly
Problem 2
Answer the following questions about a real symmetric matrix, $\boldsymbol { A }$ :
$$A = \left( \begin{array} { l l l } 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 2 & 3 \end{array} \right)$$
I. Find all the different eigenvalues of matrix $\boldsymbol { A } , \lambda _ { 1 } , \cdots , \lambda _ { r } \left( \lambda _ { 1 } < \cdots < \lambda _ { r } \right)$.
II. Find all the eigenspaces $W \left( \lambda _ { 1 } \right) , \cdots , W \left( \lambda _ { r } \right)$ corresponding to $\lambda _ { 1 } , \cdots , \lambda _ { r }$, respectively.
III. Find an orthonormal basis, $\boldsymbol { b } _ { 1 } , \boldsymbol { b } _ { 2 } , \boldsymbol { b } _ { 3 }$, which belongs to either of $W \left( \lambda _ { 1 } \right) , \cdots , W \left( \lambda _ { r } \right)$, obtained in Question II.
IV. Find the spectral decomposition of $A$ :
$$A = \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { r } \lambda _ { i } P _ { i }$$
where $\boldsymbol { P } _ { i }$ is the projection matrix onto $W \left( \lambda _ { i } \right)$.
V. Find $A ^ { n }$, where $n$ is any positive integer.
\section*{Problem 2}
Answer the following questions about a real symmetric matrix, $\boldsymbol { A }$ :

$$A = \left( \begin{array} { l l l } 
0 & 1 & 2 \\
1 & 0 & 2 \\
2 & 2 & 3
\end{array} \right)$$

I. Find all the different eigenvalues of matrix $\boldsymbol { A } , \lambda _ { 1 } , \cdots , \lambda _ { r } \left( \lambda _ { 1 } < \cdots < \lambda _ { r } \right)$.

II. Find all the eigenspaces $W \left( \lambda _ { 1 } \right) , \cdots , W \left( \lambda _ { r } \right)$ corresponding to $\lambda _ { 1 } , \cdots , \lambda _ { r }$, respectively.

III. Find an orthonormal basis, $\boldsymbol { b } _ { 1 } , \boldsymbol { b } _ { 2 } , \boldsymbol { b } _ { 3 }$, which belongs to either of $W \left( \lambda _ { 1 } \right) , \cdots , W \left( \lambda _ { r } \right)$, obtained in Question II.

IV. Find the spectral decomposition of $A$ :

$$A = \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { r } \lambda _ { i } P _ { i }$$

where $\boldsymbol { P } _ { i }$ is the projection matrix onto $W \left( \lambda _ { i } \right)$.

V. Find $A ^ { n }$, where $n$ is any positive integer.