grandes-ecoles 2019 Q35

grandes-ecoles · France · centrale-maths2__pc Permutations & Arrangements Combinatorial Proof or Identity Derivation
Let $\beta_n$ denote the number of alternating up permutations of $\llbracket 1, n \rrbracket$ (with $\beta_0 = \beta_1 = 1$). For $k \in \llbracket 0, n \rrbracket$, enumerate the permutations $\sigma$ alternating (up or down) of $\llbracket 1, n+1 \rrbracket$ such that $\sigma(k+1) = n+1$. Show, for every integer $n \geqslant 1$, $$2\beta_{n+1} = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} \beta_k \beta_{n-k}.$$
Let $\beta_n$ denote the number of alternating up permutations of $\llbracket 1, n \rrbracket$ (with $\beta_0 = \beta_1 = 1$). For $k \in \llbracket 0, n \rrbracket$, enumerate the permutations $\sigma$ alternating (up or down) of $\llbracket 1, n+1 \rrbracket$ such that $\sigma(k+1) = n+1$. Show, for every integer $n \geqslant 1$,
$$2\beta_{n+1} = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} \beta_k \beta_{n-k}.$$