grandes-ecoles 2020 Q6

grandes-ecoles · France · x-ens-maths-b__mp_cpge Discrete Random Variables Probability Bounds and Inequalities for Discrete Variables
Let $n \geqslant 1$ be a natural integer, and let $(X_1, \ldots, X_n)$ be discrete real random variables that are mutually independent such that, for all $k \in \{1, \ldots, n\}$, $$P[X_k = 1] = P[X_k = -1] = \frac{1}{2}$$ We define $$S_n = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^{n} X_k$$ For each $\lambda \geqslant 0$, we set $$m(\lambda) = \frac{E[X_1 \exp(\lambda X_1)]}{E[\exp(\lambda X_1)]}$$ For all $n \geqslant 1$, $\lambda \geqslant 0$ and $\varepsilon > 0$, we denote by $I_n(\lambda, \varepsilon)$ the random variable defined by $$I_n(\lambda, \varepsilon) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } |S_n - m(\lambda)| \leqslant \varepsilon \\ 0 & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases}$$ Show that $$P[|S_n - m(\lambda)| \leqslant \varepsilon] \geqslant E[I_n(\lambda, \varepsilon) \exp(\lambda n(S_n - m(\lambda) - \varepsilon))],$$
Let $n \geqslant 1$ be a natural integer, and let $(X_1, \ldots, X_n)$ be discrete real random variables that are mutually independent such that, for all $k \in \{1, \ldots, n\}$,
$$P[X_k = 1] = P[X_k = -1] = \frac{1}{2}$$
We define
$$S_n = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^{n} X_k$$
For each $\lambda \geqslant 0$, we set
$$m(\lambda) = \frac{E[X_1 \exp(\lambda X_1)]}{E[\exp(\lambda X_1)]}$$
For all $n \geqslant 1$, $\lambda \geqslant 0$ and $\varepsilon > 0$, we denote by $I_n(\lambda, \varepsilon)$ the random variable defined by
$$I_n(\lambda, \varepsilon) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } |S_n - m(\lambda)| \leqslant \varepsilon \\ 0 & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases}$$
Show that
$$P[|S_n - m(\lambda)| \leqslant \varepsilon] \geqslant E[I_n(\lambda, \varepsilon) \exp(\lambda n(S_n - m(\lambda) - \varepsilon))],$$