grandes-ecoles 2025 Q15

grandes-ecoles · France · x-ens-maths-a__mp Matrices Diagonalizability and Similarity
A reduction We fix two nonzero natural integers $m$ and $n$. For $(A, B)$ in $\mathcal{M}_{n,m}(\mathbb{C}) \times \mathcal{M}_{m,n}(\mathbb{C})$ we define the following $(m+n) \times (m+n)$ matrices: $$M_{A,B} = \begin{pmatrix} 0_m & B \\ A & 0_n \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{and} \quad H = \begin{pmatrix} \mathrm{I}_m & 0_{m,n} \\ 0_{n,m} & -\mathrm{I}_n \end{pmatrix}.$$ Let $(A, B)$ and $(A', B')$ be two pairs of matrices in $\mathcal{M}_{n,m}(\mathbb{C}) \times \mathcal{M}_{m,n}(\mathbb{C})$. Prove that the following conditions are equivalent:
(i) $(A, B)$ and $(A', B')$ are simultaneously equivalent;
(ii) there exist $P \in \mathrm{GL}_m(\mathbb{C})$ and $Q \in \mathrm{GL}_n(\mathbb{C})$ such that $A' = QAP^{-1}$ and $B' = PBQ^{-1}$;
(iii) there exists $R \in \mathrm{GL}_{m+n}(\mathbb{C})$ such that $M_{A',B'} = RM_{A,B}R^{-1}$ and $H = RHR^{-1}$.
\textbf{A reduction}\\
We fix two nonzero natural integers $m$ and $n$. For $(A, B)$ in $\mathcal{M}_{n,m}(\mathbb{C}) \times \mathcal{M}_{m,n}(\mathbb{C})$ we define the following $(m+n) \times (m+n)$ matrices:
$$M_{A,B} = \begin{pmatrix} 0_m & B \\ A & 0_n \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{and} \quad H = \begin{pmatrix} \mathrm{I}_m & 0_{m,n} \\ 0_{n,m} & -\mathrm{I}_n \end{pmatrix}.$$
Let $(A, B)$ and $(A', B')$ be two pairs of matrices in $\mathcal{M}_{n,m}(\mathbb{C}) \times \mathcal{M}_{m,n}(\mathbb{C})$. Prove that the following conditions are equivalent:

(i) $(A, B)$ and $(A', B')$ are simultaneously equivalent;

(ii) there exist $P \in \mathrm{GL}_m(\mathbb{C})$ and $Q \in \mathrm{GL}_n(\mathbb{C})$ such that $A' = QAP^{-1}$ and $B' = PBQ^{-1}$;

(iii) there exists $R \in \mathrm{GL}_{m+n}(\mathbb{C})$ such that $M_{A',B'} = RM_{A,B}R^{-1}$ and $H = RHR^{-1}$.