UFM Pure

grandes-ecoles 2020 Q33 Convergence proof and limit determination View

We define a sequence $(a_n)_{n \geqslant 1}$ by setting $$\forall n \in \mathbb{N}^*, \quad a_n = \frac{(-n)^{n-1}}{n!}.$$ We define, when possible, $S(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} a_n x^n$, with radius of convergence $R$. Let $W$ be the Lambert function defined in Part I (inverse of $f|_{[-1,+\infty[}$ where $f(x)=xe^x$). Using the results of Questions 31 and 32, deduce that $$\forall x \in ]-R, R[, \quad S(x) = W(x).$$

grandes-ecoles 2020 Q37 Coefficient and growth rate estimation View

For every positive real $x$, we consider the function $\phi_x$ defined by $$\phi_x : \begin{array}{ccc} \mathbb{R} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\ t & \mapsto & x\exp(-x\exp(-t)) \end{array}$$ and a sequence of functions $(w_n)_{n \geqslant 0}$ on $\mathbb{R}^+$ defined by $$\forall x \in \mathbb{R}^+, \quad \begin{cases} w_0(x) = 1 \\ w_{n+1}(x) = \phi_x(w_n(x)) \end{cases}$$ Let $W$ be the Lambert function defined in Part I. Using the fact that $0 \leqslant \phi_x'(t) \leqslant \frac{x}{\mathrm{e}}$ for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$, deduce that $$\forall x \in [0, \mathrm{e}], \quad \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, \quad |w_n(x) - W(x)| \leqslant \left(\frac{x}{\mathrm{e}}\right)^n |1 - W(x)|.$$

grandes-ecoles 2020 Q38 Sequence of functions convergence View

For every positive real $x$, we consider the function $\phi_x$ defined by $$\phi_x : \begin{array}{ccc} \mathbb{R} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\ t & \mapsto & x\exp(-x\exp(-t)) \end{array}$$ and a sequence of functions $(w_n)_{n \geqslant 0}$ on $\mathbb{R}^+$ defined by $$\forall x \in \mathbb{R}^+, \quad \begin{cases} w_0(x) = 1 \\ w_{n+1}(x) = \phi_x(w_n(x)) \end{cases}$$ Let $W$ be the Lambert function defined in Part I. For every real $a \in ]0, \mathrm{e}[$, justify that the sequence of functions $(w_n)$ converges uniformly on $[0, a]$ to the function $W$.

grandes-ecoles 2020 Q39 Sequence of functions convergence View

For every positive real $x$, we consider the function $\phi_x$ defined by $$\phi_x : \begin{array}{ccc} \mathbb{R} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\ t & \mapsto & x\exp(-x\exp(-t)) \end{array}$$ and a sequence of functions $(w_n)_{n \geqslant 0}$ on $\mathbb{R}^+$ defined by $$\forall x \in \mathbb{R}^+, \quad \begin{cases} w_0(x) = 1 \\ w_{n+1}(x) = \phi_x(w_n(x)) \end{cases}$$ Let $W$ be the Lambert function defined in Part I. Does the sequence of functions $(w_n)$ converge uniformly to $W$ on $[0, \mathrm{e}]$?

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q3 Closed-form expression derivation View

Deduce from this, for every natural integer $k$, an expression for $P ^ { ( k ) }$ as a function of $T$, $k$ and $P ^ { ( 0 ) }$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q4 Convergence proof and limit determination View

Let $\left(u_n\right)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ be a hypergeometric sequence with associated polynomials $P$ and $Q$. Suppose that there exists a natural integer $n_0$ such that $P\left(n_0\right) = 0$ and, $\forall n \geqslant n_0, Q(n) \neq 0$. Justify that the sequence $\left(u_n\right)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is zero from a certain rank onwards.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q12 Series convergence and power series analysis View

For every integer $n \geqslant 1$, we denote $C_{n}$ the number of well-parenthesized words of length $2n$. We set by convenience $C_{0} = 1$. For every $x \in \left]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}\right[$, we set $F(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} C_{k} x^{k}$.
Show that, for every $x \in \left]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}\right[$, $F(x) = 1 + x(F(x))^{2}$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q12 Series convergence and power series analysis View

We set, for all $t \in I$, $$f ( t ) = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { + \infty } C _ { n } t ^ { n } \quad \text { and } \quad g ( t ) = 2 t f ( t ) .$$ Show that $\forall t \in I , g ( t ) ^ { 2 } = 2 g ( t ) - 4 t$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q12 Sequence of functions convergence View

We recall that the sequence $\left(\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n} k^{-1}\right) - \ln(n)\right)_{n \geqslant 1}$ converges. We denote $\gamma$ its limit. Let $n \in \mathbb{N}^*$. For $x \in ]0, +\infty[$, we set $$\Gamma_n(x) = \frac{1}{x} e^{-\gamma x} \prod_{k=1}^{n} \frac{e^{x k^{-1}}}{1 + x k^{-1}}.$$
Show that the sequence of functions $\left(\Gamma_n\right)_{n \geqslant 1}$ converges pointwise on $]0, +\infty[$ to a function $\Gamma$ from $]0, +\infty[$ to $]0, +\infty[$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q13 Series convergence and power series analysis View

For every integer $n \geqslant 1$, we denote $C_{n}$ the number of well-parenthesized words of length $2n$. We set by convention $C_{0} = 1$. For every $x \in ]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}[$, we set $F(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} C_{k} x^{k}$.
Show that the function $f : \left|]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}[ \begin{array}{cc} & \rightarrow \\ x & \mathbb{R} \\ & \mapsto 2xF(x) - 1 \end{array}\right.$ does not vanish.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q13 Series convergence and power series analysis View

For every integer $n \geqslant 1$, we denote $C_{n}$ the number of well-parenthesized words of length $2n$. We set by convenience $C_{0} = 1$. For every $x \in \left]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}\right[$, we set $F(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} C_{k} x^{k}$.
Show that the function $f : \left]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}\right[ \rightarrow \mathbb{R},\; x \mapsto 2xF(x) - 1$ does not vanish.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q13 Closed-form expression derivation View

We set, for all $t \in I$, $$f ( t ) = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { + \infty } C _ { n } t ^ { n } \quad \text { and } \quad g ( t ) = 2 t f ( t ) .$$ Deduce that there exists a function $\varepsilon : I \rightarrow \{ - 1,1 \}$ such that $$\forall t \in I , \quad g ( t ) = 1 + \varepsilon ( t ) \sqrt { 1 - 4 t } .$$

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q13 Convergence proof and limit determination View

Let $\Gamma$ be the pointwise limit on $]0, +\infty[$ of the sequence $\left(\Gamma_n\right)_{n \geqslant 1}$ where $$\Gamma_n(x) = \frac{1}{x} e^{-\gamma x} \prod_{k=1}^{n} \frac{e^{x k^{-1}}}{1 + x k^{-1}}.$$
Show that, for all $x \in ]0, +\infty[$, we have $\Gamma(x+1) = x\Gamma(x)$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q14 Closed-form expression derivation View

For every integer $n \geqslant 1$, we denote $C_{n}$ the number of well-parenthesized words of length $2n$. We set by convention $C_{0} = 1$. For every $x \in ]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}[$, we set $F(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} C_{k} x^{k}$.
Determine, for every $x \in ]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}[$, an expression of $F(x)$ as a function of $x$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q14 Closed-form expression derivation View

For every integer $n \geqslant 1$, we denote $C_{n}$ the number of well-parenthesized words of length $2n$. We set by convenience $C_{0} = 1$. For every $x \in \left]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}\right[$, we set $F(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} C_{k} x^{k}$.
Determine, for every $x \in \left]-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}\right[$, an expression of $F(x)$ as a function of $x$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q14 Convergence proof and limit determination View

We set, for all $t \in I$, $$f ( t ) = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { + \infty } C _ { n } t ^ { n } \quad \text { and } \quad g ( t ) = 2 t f ( t ) .$$ Show that $\varepsilon$ is continuous on $I \backslash \left\{ \frac { 1 } { 4 } \right\}$. Deduce $$\forall t \in I , \quad g ( t ) = 1 - \sqrt { 1 - 4 t } .$$

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q14a Sequence of functions convergence View

Let $\Gamma$ be the pointwise limit on $]0, +\infty[$ of the sequence $\left(\Gamma_n\right)_{n \geqslant 1}$ where $$\Gamma_n(x) = \frac{1}{x} e^{-\gamma x} \prod_{k=1}^{n} \frac{e^{x k^{-1}}}{1 + x k^{-1}}.$$
Show that the function $\Gamma$ is of class $\mathscr{C}^2$ and that, for all $x \in ]0, +\infty[$, $$(\ln(\Gamma))''(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty} \frac{1}{(x+k)^2}.$$

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q14b Convergence proof and limit determination View

Let $\Gamma$ be the pointwise limit on $]0, +\infty[$ of the sequence $\left(\Gamma_n\right)_{n \geqslant 1}$ where $$\Gamma_n(x) = \frac{1}{x} e^{-\gamma x} \prod_{k=1}^{n} \frac{e^{x k^{-1}}}{1 + x k^{-1}}.$$
Show that $\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty} (\ln(\Gamma))''(x) = 0$.

grandes-ecoles 2021 Q15 Applied/contextual sequence problem View

We set, for all $t \in I$, $$f ( t ) = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { + \infty } C _ { n } t ^ { n } \quad \text { and } \quad g ( t ) = 2 t f ( t ) .$$ Deduce that $\mathbb { P } ( T \neq 0 ) = 1 - \sqrt { 1 - 4 p ( 1 - p ) }$. Interpret this result when $p = \frac { 1 } { 2 }$.

grandes-ecoles 2022 Q1 Series convergence and power series analysis View

Let $z \in D$. Show the convergence of the series $\sum _ { n \geq 1 } \frac { z ^ { n } } { n }$. Specify the value of its sum when $z \in ] - 1,1 [$. We denote
$$L ( z ) : = \sum _ { n = 1 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { z ^ { n } } { n }$$

grandes-ecoles 2022 Q1 Series convergence and power series analysis View

Let $z \in D$. Show the convergence of the series $\sum _ { n \geq 1 } \frac { z ^ { n } } { n }$. Specify the value of its sum when $z \in ] - 1,1 [$. We denote
$$L ( z ) : = \sum _ { n = 1 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { z ^ { n } } { n }$$

grandes-ecoles 2022 Q1 Series convergence and power series analysis View

Let $z \in D$. Show the convergence of the series $\sum_{n \geq 1} \frac{z^n}{n}$. Specify the value of its sum when $z \in ]-1,1[$. We denote $$L(z) := \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} \frac{z^n}{n}$$

grandes-ecoles 2022 Q1 Series convergence and power series analysis View

Let $f$ be a power series and $z$ a complex number such that $\hat{f}(|z|) < \infty$. Show then that the series $f$ converges at $z$ and that $|f(z)| \leqslant \hat{f}(|z|)$. Give an example where this inequality is strict.

grandes-ecoles 2022 Q1.4 Convergence proof and limit determination View

Let $\ell$ be a strictly positive integer. We are given a sequence $\left( v _ { n } \right) _ { n \geqslant 0 }$ of vectors in $\mathbb { R } ^ { \ell }$ such that the series $\sum _ { n } \left\| v _ { n + 1 } - v _ { n } \right\|$ converges.
(a) Show that the sequence $\left( v _ { n } \right) _ { n \geqslant 0 }$ is convergent.
(b) Let $v ^ { * }$ denote the limit of this sequence. Bound $\left\| v _ { n } - v ^ { * } \right\|$ by means of a remainder of the sum of the series $\sum _ { n } \left\| v _ { n + 1 } - v _ { n } \right\|$.

grandes-ecoles 2022 Q16 Series convergence and power series analysis View

We consider a power series $f = \lambda z + F, F \in O_2, \lambda = (f)_1 \neq 0$, with $g = f^\dagger$ the reciprocal series. Show that $\hat{g} \prec (1/\lambda)(I + \hat{F} \circ \hat{g})$, conclude using part C that $\rho(g) > 0$ if $\rho(f) > 0$.

UFM Pure

Sequences and series, recurrence and convergence 375

Roots of polynomials 146

Polar coordinates 22

Conic sections 291

Taylor series 183

Hyperbolic functions 10

Integration using inverse trig and hyperbolic functions 6

Integration with Partial Fractions 7

Vectors: Lines & Planes 293

Vectors: Cross Product & Distances 20

First order differential equations (integrating factor) 60

Complex numbers 2 113

Second order differential equations 127

Systems of differential equations 41