grandes-ecoles 2024 Q13a

grandes-ecoles · France · polytechnique-maths-a__mp Sequences and Series Evaluation of a Finite or Infinite Sum
Let $n$ be a non-zero natural integer. For any permutation $\sigma \in \mathfrak{S}_{n}$, we recall that there exists, up to order, a unique decomposition $\sigma = c_{1} c_{2} \cdots c_{\omega(\sigma)}$, where $\omega(\sigma) \in \mathbb{N}^{*}$ where $c_{1}, \ldots, c_{\omega(\sigma)}$ are cycles with disjoint supports of respective lengths $\ell_{1} \leqslant \ell_{2} \leqslant \cdots \leqslant \ell_{\omega(\sigma)}$ and $\ell_{1} + \ell_{2} + \cdots + \ell_{\omega(\sigma)} = n$. For an integer $k$ at most $n$, we denote by $s(n,k)$ the number of permutations of $\mathfrak{S}_{n}$ such that $\omega(\sigma) = k$.
Show that $$\frac{1}{n!} \sum_{k=1}^{n} k(k-1) s(n,k) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{1}{ij} - \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{i^{2}}.$$
Let $n$ be a non-zero natural integer. For any permutation $\sigma \in \mathfrak{S}_{n}$, we recall that there exists, up to order, a unique decomposition $\sigma = c_{1} c_{2} \cdots c_{\omega(\sigma)}$, where $\omega(\sigma) \in \mathbb{N}^{*}$ where $c_{1}, \ldots, c_{\omega(\sigma)}$ are cycles with disjoint supports of respective lengths $\ell_{1} \leqslant \ell_{2} \leqslant \cdots \leqslant \ell_{\omega(\sigma)}$ and $\ell_{1} + \ell_{2} + \cdots + \ell_{\omega(\sigma)} = n$. For an integer $k$ at most $n$, we denote by $s(n,k)$ the number of permutations of $\mathfrak{S}_{n}$ such that $\omega(\sigma) = k$.

Show that
$$\frac{1}{n!} \sum_{k=1}^{n} k(k-1) s(n,k) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{1}{ij} - \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{i^{2}}.$$