In this section we consider a circle $\mathcal{C}(\Omega, r)$ with center $\Omega$ and non-zero radius $r$, intersecting the $x$-axis. Let $A = \left(\begin{array}{ll} a & b \\ c & d \end{array}\right)$ be a matrix whose eigenvalue circle equals $\mathcal{C}(\Omega, r)$.
Characterize geometrically $f_A$ when $\Omega = O$, with $O = (0,0)$, and $r = 1$.