grandes-ecoles

Papers (191)
2025
centrale-maths1__official 40 centrale-maths2__official 42 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 20 mines-ponts-maths1__pc 21 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 21 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 28 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 24 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 26 polytechnique-maths-a__mp 27 polytechnique-maths__fui 16 polytechnique-maths__pc 27 x-ens-maths-a__mp 18 x-ens-maths-c__mp 9 x-ens-maths-d__mp 38 x-ens-maths__pc 27 x-ens-maths__psi 38
2024
centrale-maths1__official 28 centrale-maths2__official 29 geipi-polytech__maths 9 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 25 mines-ponts-maths1__pc 20 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 19 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 23 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 21 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 21 polytechnique-maths-a__mp 44 polytechnique-maths-b__mp 37 x-ens-maths-a__mp 43 x-ens-maths-b__mp 35 x-ens-maths-c__mp 22 x-ens-maths-d__mp 45 x-ens-maths__pc 24 x-ens-maths__psi 26
2023
centrale-maths1__official 44 centrale-maths2__official 33 e3a-polytech-maths__mp 4 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 15 mines-ponts-maths1__pc 23 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 23 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 22 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 18 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 22 polytechnique-maths__fui 23 x-ens-maths-a__mp 25 x-ens-maths-b__mp 24 x-ens-maths-c__mp 20 x-ens-maths-d__mp 20 x-ens-maths__pc 18 x-ens-maths__psi 15
2022
centrale-maths1__mp 48 centrale-maths1__official 48 centrale-maths1__pc 37 centrale-maths1__psi 43 centrale-maths2__mp 32 centrale-maths2__official 32 centrale-maths2__pc 39 centrale-maths2__psi 45 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 25 mines-ponts-maths1__pc 24 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 24 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 24 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 19 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 20 x-ens-maths-a__mp 13 x-ens-maths-b__mp 40 x-ens-maths-c__mp 27 x-ens-maths-d__mp 46 x-ens-maths1__mp 13 x-ens-maths2__mp 40 x-ens-maths__pc 15 x-ens-maths__pc_cpge 15 x-ens-maths__psi 22 x-ens-maths__psi_cpge 23
2021
centrale-maths1__mp 40 centrale-maths1__official 40 centrale-maths1__pc 36 centrale-maths1__psi 29 centrale-maths2__mp 30 centrale-maths2__official 29 centrale-maths2__pc 38 centrale-maths2__psi 37 x-ens-maths2__mp 39 x-ens-maths__pc 44
2020
centrale-maths1__mp 42 centrale-maths1__official 42 centrale-maths1__pc 36 centrale-maths1__psi 40 centrale-maths2__mp 38 centrale-maths2__official 38 centrale-maths2__pc 40 centrale-maths2__psi 39 mines-ponts-maths1__mp_cpge 24 mines-ponts-maths2__mp_cpge 21 x-ens-maths-a__mp_cpge 18 x-ens-maths-b__mp_cpge 20 x-ens-maths-d__mp 14 x-ens-maths1__mp 18 x-ens-maths2__mp 20 x-ens-maths__pc 18
2019
centrale-maths1__mp 37 centrale-maths1__official 37 centrale-maths1__pc 40 centrale-maths1__psi 39 centrale-maths2__mp 37 centrale-maths2__official 37 centrale-maths2__pc 39 centrale-maths2__psi 49 x-ens-maths1__mp 24 x-ens-maths__pc 18 x-ens-maths__psi 26
2018
centrale-maths1__mp 47 centrale-maths1__official 47 centrale-maths1__pc 41 centrale-maths1__psi 44 centrale-maths2__mp 44 centrale-maths2__official 44 centrale-maths2__pc 35 centrale-maths2__psi 38 x-ens-maths1__mp 19 x-ens-maths2__mp 17 x-ens-maths__pc 22 x-ens-maths__psi 24
2017
centrale-maths1__mp 45 centrale-maths1__official 45 centrale-maths1__pc 22 centrale-maths1__psi 17 centrale-maths2__mp 30 centrale-maths2__official 30 centrale-maths2__pc 28 centrale-maths2__psi 44 x-ens-maths1__mp 26 x-ens-maths2__mp 16 x-ens-maths__pc 18 x-ens-maths__psi 26
2016
centrale-maths1__mp 42 centrale-maths1__pc 31 centrale-maths1__psi 33 centrale-maths2__mp 25 centrale-maths2__pc 47 centrale-maths2__psi 27 x-ens-maths1__mp 18 x-ens-maths2__mp 46 x-ens-maths__pc 15 x-ens-maths__psi 20
2015
centrale-maths1__mp 42 centrale-maths1__pc 18 centrale-maths1__psi 42 centrale-maths2__mp 44 centrale-maths2__pc 18 centrale-maths2__psi 33 x-ens-maths1__mp 16 x-ens-maths2__mp 31 x-ens-maths__pc 30 x-ens-maths__psi 22
2014
centrale-maths1__mp 28 centrale-maths1__pc 26 centrale-maths1__psi 27 centrale-maths2__mp 24 centrale-maths2__pc 26 centrale-maths2__psi 27 x-ens-maths1__mp 9 x-ens-maths2__mp 16 x-ens-maths__pc 4 x-ens-maths__psi 24
2013
centrale-maths1__mp 22 centrale-maths1__pc 45 centrale-maths1__psi 29 centrale-maths2__mp 31 centrale-maths2__pc 52 centrale-maths2__psi 32 x-ens-maths1__mp 24 x-ens-maths2__mp 35 x-ens-maths__pc 22 x-ens-maths__psi 9
2012
centrale-maths1__mp 36 centrale-maths1__pc 28 centrale-maths1__psi 33 centrale-maths2__mp 27 centrale-maths2__psi 18
2011
centrale-maths1__mp 27 centrale-maths1__pc 17 centrale-maths1__psi 24 centrale-maths2__mp 29 centrale-maths2__pc 17 centrale-maths2__psi 10
2010
centrale-maths1__mp 19 centrale-maths1__pc 30 centrale-maths1__psi 13 centrale-maths2__mp 32 centrale-maths2__pc 37 centrale-maths2__psi 27
2013 centrale-maths1__mp

22 maths questions

QI.A.1 Differentiating Transcendental Functions Compute derivative of transcendental function View
Throughout the problem, $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ is equipped with the canonical Euclidean inner product denoted $\langle$,$\rangle$ and the associated norm $\| \|$. Let $f$ and $g$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\frac { \partial f } { \partial x } = \frac { \partial g } { \partial y } \quad \text { and } \quad \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } = - \frac { \partial g } { \partial x }$$ We define two functions on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R }$ by $$\forall ( r , \theta ) \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R } , \quad \widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) = f ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta ) \quad \text { and } \quad \widetilde { g } ( r , \theta ) = g ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$$
Express $\frac { \partial \widetilde { f } } { \partial r } ( r , \theta )$ and $\frac { \partial \widetilde { f } } { \partial \theta } ( r , \theta )$ in terms of $r , \theta , \frac { \partial f } { \partial x } ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ and $\frac { \partial f } { \partial y } ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$.
QI.A.2 Differentiating Transcendental Functions Compute derivative of transcendental function View
Throughout the problem, $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ is equipped with the canonical Euclidean inner product denoted $\langle$,$\rangle$ and the associated norm $\| \|$. Let $f$ and $g$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\frac { \partial f } { \partial x } = \frac { \partial g } { \partial y } \quad \text { and } \quad \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } = - \frac { \partial g } { \partial x }$$ We define two functions on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R }$ by $$\forall ( r , \theta ) \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R } , \quad \widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) = f ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta ) \quad \text { and } \quad \widetilde { g } ( r , \theta ) = g ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$$
For all $( r , \theta ) \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R }$, show that $\frac { \partial \widetilde { f } } { \partial r } ( r , \theta ) = \frac { 1 } { r } \times \frac { \partial \widetilde { g } } { \partial \theta } ( r , \theta )$ and $\frac { \partial \widetilde { g } } { \partial r } ( r , \theta ) = - \frac { 1 } { r } \times \frac { \partial \widetilde { f } } { \partial \theta } ( r , \theta )$.
QI.B.1 Differential equations Eigenvalue Problems and Operator-Based DEs View
For $n \in \mathbb { Z }$, we denote by $\mathcal { E } _ { n }$ the space of functions $f$ in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } \left( \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \mathbb { C } \right)$ such that $$\forall t \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \quad t ^ { 2 } f ^ { \prime \prime } ( t ) + t f ^ { \prime } ( t ) - n ^ { 2 } f ( t ) = 0$$ For $\alpha \in \mathbb { R }$, let $\varphi _ { \alpha }$ be the function from $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * }$ to $\mathbb { R }$ defined by $$\forall t \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \quad \varphi _ { \alpha } ( t ) = t ^ { \alpha }$$
For all $n \in \mathbb { Z } ^ { * }$, determine the real numbers $\alpha$ such that $\varphi _ { \alpha }$ belongs to $\mathcal { E } _ { n }$.
QI.B.2 Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
For $n \in \mathbb { Z }$, we denote by $\mathcal { E } _ { n }$ the space of functions $f$ in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } \left( \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \mathbb { C } \right)$ such that $$\forall t \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \quad t ^ { 2 } f ^ { \prime \prime } ( t ) + t f ^ { \prime } ( t ) - n ^ { 2 } f ( t ) = 0$$
Determine $\mathcal { E } _ { n }$ for $n \in \mathbb { Z }$. We will discuss separately the case $n = 0$.
QI.C.1 Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Throughout the problem, $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ is equipped with the canonical Euclidean inner product denoted $\langle$,$\rangle$ and the associated norm $\| \|$. Let $f$ and $g$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\frac { \partial f } { \partial x } = \frac { \partial g } { \partial y } \quad \text { and } \quad \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } = - \frac { \partial g } { \partial x }$$ We define $\widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) = f ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ and $\widetilde { g } ( r , \theta ) = g ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R }$. For $n \in \mathbb { Z }$, let $$\forall r \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \quad c _ { n , f } ( r ) = \frac { 1 } { 2 \pi } \int _ { - \pi } ^ { \pi } \widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) e ^ { - i n \theta } \mathrm { ~d} \theta, \quad c _ { n , g } ( r ) = \frac { 1 } { 2 \pi } \int _ { - \pi } ^ { \pi } \widetilde { g } ( r , \theta ) e ^ { - i n \theta } \mathrm { ~d} \theta$$
Show that $c _ { n , f }$ is of class $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 }$ on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * }$ and satisfies $$\forall r \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \quad \left( c _ { n , f } \right) ^ { \prime } ( r ) = \frac { i n } { r } c _ { n , g } ( r )$$
QI.C.2 Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Throughout the problem, $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ is equipped with the canonical Euclidean inner product denoted $\langle$,$\rangle$ and the associated norm $\| \|$. Let $f$ and $g$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\frac { \partial f } { \partial x } = \frac { \partial g } { \partial y } \quad \text { and } \quad \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } = - \frac { \partial g } { \partial x }$$ We define $\widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) = f ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ and $\widetilde { g } ( r , \theta ) = g ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R }$. For $n \in \mathbb { Z }$, let $$\forall r \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \quad c _ { n , f } ( r ) = \frac { 1 } { 2 \pi } \int _ { - \pi } ^ { \pi } \widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) e ^ { - i n \theta } \mathrm { ~d} \theta, \quad c _ { n , g } ( r ) = \frac { 1 } { 2 \pi } \int _ { - \pi } ^ { \pi } \widetilde { g } ( r , \theta ) e ^ { - i n \theta } \mathrm { ~d} \theta$$ For $n \in \mathbb { Z }$, $\mathcal { E } _ { n }$ denotes the space of functions $f$ in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } \left( \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \mathbb { C } \right)$ such that $t ^ { 2 } f ^ { \prime \prime } ( t ) + t f ^ { \prime } ( t ) - n ^ { 2 } f ( t ) = 0$ for all $t \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * }$.
Show that $c _ { n , f }$ belongs to $\mathcal { E } _ { n }$ and that $c _ { n , f }$ is bounded in a neighbourhood of 0. Deduce the existence of $a _ { n } \in \mathbb { C }$ such that $$\forall r \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } , \quad c _ { n , f } ( r ) = a _ { n } r ^ { | n | }$$
QI.C.3 Sequences and Series Uniform or Pointwise Convergence of Function Series/Sequences View
Throughout the problem, $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ is equipped with the canonical Euclidean inner product denoted $\langle$,$\rangle$ and the associated norm $\| \|$. Let $f$ and $g$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\frac { \partial f } { \partial x } = \frac { \partial g } { \partial y } \quad \text { and } \quad \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } = - \frac { \partial g } { \partial x }$$ We define $\widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) = f ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R }$. From the previous questions, there exist $a_n \in \mathbb{C}$ such that $c_{n,f}(r) = a_n r^{|n|}$ for all $r \in \mathbb{R}_+^*$.
By stating precisely the theorem used, establish $$\forall ( r , \theta ) \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R } , \quad \widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) = \lim _ { p \rightarrow \infty } \sum _ { n = - p } ^ { p } a _ { n } r ^ { | n | } e ^ { i n \theta }$$
QI.D.1 Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Throughout the problem, $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ is equipped with the canonical Euclidean inner product denoted $\langle$,$\rangle$ and the associated norm $\| \|$. Let $f$ and $g$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\frac { \partial f } { \partial x } = \frac { \partial g } { \partial y } \quad \text { and } \quad \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } = - \frac { \partial g } { \partial x }$$ We define $\widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) = f ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ and $\widetilde { g } ( r , \theta ) = g ( r \cos \theta , r \sin \theta )$ on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \times \mathbb { R }$. For $n \in \mathbb { Z }$, let $c _ { n , f } ( r ) = \frac { 1 } { 2 \pi } \int _ { - \pi } ^ { \pi } \widetilde { f } ( r , \theta ) e ^ { - i n \theta } \mathrm { ~d} \theta$. We assume that the functions $\frac { \partial f } { \partial x }$ and $\frac { \partial f } { \partial y }$ are bounded on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
If $n \in \mathbb { Z }$, show that the function $\left( c _ { n , f } \right) ^ { \prime }$ is bounded on $\mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * }$.
QI.D.2 Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Throughout the problem, $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ is equipped with the canonical Euclidean inner product denoted $\langle$,$\rangle$ and the associated norm $\| \|$. Let $f$ and $g$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\frac { \partial f } { \partial x } = \frac { \partial g } { \partial y } \quad \text { and } \quad \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } = - \frac { \partial g } { \partial x }$$ We assume that the functions $\frac { \partial f } { \partial x }$ and $\frac { \partial f } { \partial y }$ are bounded on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
Show that the functions $\frac { \partial f } { \partial x }$ and $\frac { \partial f } { \partial y }$ are constant.
QII.A Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
We denote by $\mathcal { P } _ { 2 }$ the set of polynomial functions of degree $\leqslant 2$ from $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ to $\mathbb { R }$, that is, the maps from $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ to $\mathbb { R }$ of the form $$( x , y ) \mapsto a x ^ { 2 } + b x y + c y ^ { 2 } + d x + e y + f \quad \text { where } \quad ( a , b , c , d , e , f ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 6 }$$ A function $f \in \mathcal{C}^2(\mathbb{R}^2, \mathbb{R})$ satisfies (1) if and only if $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \mathbb{R}^2, \quad \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) \times \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) - \left( \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y ) \right) ^ { 2 } = 1$$
Determine the functions in $\mathcal { P } _ { 2 }$ satisfying (1) on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
QII.B Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
If $I$ is an interval of $\mathbb { R }$, we say that $u \in \mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } ( I , \mathbb { R } )$ satisfies (II.1) on $I$ if and only if $$\forall t \in I , \quad u ( t ) \left( u ( t ) + 2 t u ^ { \prime } ( t ) \right) = - 1$$
By stating precisely the theorem used, show that if $( t _ { 0 } , u _ { 0 } )$ is in $\left( \mathbb { R } ^ { * } \right) ^ { 2 }$, there exist an open interval $I$ of $\mathbb { R }$ containing $t _ { 0 }$ and a function $u \in \mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } ( I , \mathbb { R } )$ such that $u$ is a solution of (II.1) on $I$ and satisfies $u \left( t _ { 0 } \right) = u _ { 0 }$.
QII.C Differential equations Power Series Solutions and Polynomial Solutions of DEs View
If $I$ is an interval of $\mathbb { R }$, we say that $u \in \mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } ( I , \mathbb { R } )$ satisfies (II.1) on $I$ if and only if $$\forall t \in I , \quad u ( t ) \left( u ( t ) + 2 t u ^ { \prime } ( t ) \right) = - 1$$
Let $J$ be a non-empty open interval of $\mathbb { R }$. Does there exist a polynomial function that is a solution of (II.1) on $J$?
QII.D Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
If $I$ is an interval of $\mathbb { R }$, we say that $u \in \mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } ( I , \mathbb { R } )$ satisfies (II.1) on $I$ if and only if $$\forall t \in I , \quad u ( t ) \left( u ( t ) + 2 t u ^ { \prime } ( t ) \right) = - 1$$ A function $f \in \mathcal{C}^2(\mathbb{R}^2, \mathbb{R})$ satisfies (1) if and only if $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \mathbb{R}^2, \quad \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) \times \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) - \left( \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y ) \right) ^ { 2 } = 1$$ Let $J$ be a non-empty open interval of $\mathbb { R }$, $\Omega ( J ) = \left\{ ( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , x y \in J \right\}$, $w$ in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } ( J , \mathbb { R } )$ and $W$ the function defined by $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \Omega ( J ) , \quad W ( x , y ) = w ( x y )$$
  1. [II.D.1)] Show that $\Omega ( J )$ is a non-empty open set.
  2. [II.D.2)] Show that $W$ is in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } ( \Omega ( J ) , \mathbb { R } )$ and that there is equivalence between
    1. [i.] $W$ satisfies (1) on $\Omega ( J )$,
    2. [ii.] $w ^ { \prime }$ satisfies (II.1) on $J$.
  3. [II.D.3)] Show that $W$ is the restriction to $\Omega ( J )$ of a function in $\mathcal { P } _ { 2 }$ if and only if $w$ is affine.
QII.E Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
A function $f \in \mathcal{C}^2(\Omega, \mathbb{R})$ satisfies (1) on $\Omega$ if and only if $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \Omega, \quad \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) \times \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) - \left( \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y ) \right) ^ { 2 } = 1$$ Let $\Omega$ be a non-empty open set of $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, $f$ in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } ( \Omega , \mathbb { R } )$ satisfying (1) on $\Omega$, $( a , b ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, $\Omega _ { a , b }$ the image of $\Omega$ by the translation of vector $( a , b )$ and $f _ { a , b }$ the function defined on $\Omega _ { a , b }$ by $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \Omega _ { a , b } , \quad f _ { a , b } ( x , y ) = f ( x - a , y - b )$$
Show that $f _ { a , b }$ satisfies (1) on $\Omega _ { a , b }$.
QII.F Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
A function $f \in \mathcal{C}^2(\mathbb{R}^2, \mathbb{R})$ satisfies (1) on $\mathbb{R}^2$ if and only if $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \mathbb{R}^2, \quad \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) \times \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) - \left( \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y ) \right) ^ { 2 } = 1$$ We denote by $\mathcal { P } _ { 2 }$ the set of polynomial functions of degree $\leqslant 2$ from $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ to $\mathbb { R }$.
If $( x _ { 0 } , y _ { 0 } )$ is in $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, show that there exists an open set $U$ of $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ containing $( x _ { 0 } , y _ { 0 } )$ such that the set of functions in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } ( U , \mathbb { R } )$ satisfying (1) on $U$ and not coinciding on $U$ with any element of $\mathcal { P } _ { 2 }$ is infinite.
QIII.A Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Recall the definition of a $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 }$-diffeomorphism of $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ onto $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ and the theorem characterizing such a diffeomorphism among applications of class $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 }$ from $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ to $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
QIII.B Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
We consider $\alpha \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * }$ and $F \in \mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } \right)$. We assume that for all $( p , h ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } \times \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ $$\left\langle d F _ { p } ( h ) , h \right\rangle \geqslant \alpha \| h \| ^ { 2 }$$ Let $p$ and $q$ be in $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
  1. [III.B.1)] Verify $$F ( q ) - F ( p ) = \int _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } d F _ { p + t ( q - p ) } ( q - p ) \mathrm { d } t$$
  2. [III.B.2)] Show $$\langle F ( q ) - F ( p ) , q - p \rangle \geqslant \alpha \| q - p \| ^ { 2 }$$
QIII.C Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
We consider $\alpha \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * }$ and $F \in \mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } \right)$. We assume that for all $( p , h ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } \times \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ $$\left\langle d F _ { p } ( h ) , h \right\rangle \geqslant \alpha \| h \| ^ { 2 }$$ Let $a \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ and $G ^ { a }$ be the map from $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ to $\mathbb { R }$ defined by $$\forall p \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \quad G ^ { a } ( p ) = \| F ( p ) - a \| ^ { 2 }$$
  1. [III.C.1)] If $p$ and $h$ are in $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, compute $d G ^ { a } { } _ { p } ( h )$.
  2. [III.C.2)] Show that $G ^ { a } ( p ) \rightarrow + \infty$ when $\| p \| \rightarrow + \infty$.
  3. [III.C.3)] Deduce that $G ^ { a }$ attains a global minimum on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ at a point $p _ { 0 }$.
  4. [III.C.4)] Show that $F \left( p _ { 0 } \right) = a$.
QIII.D Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
We consider $\alpha \in \mathbb { R } _ { + } ^ { * }$ and $F \in \mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } \right)$. We assume that for all $( p , h ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } \times \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ $$\left\langle d F _ { p } ( h ) , h \right\rangle \geqslant \alpha \| h \| ^ { 2 }$$
Show that $F$ realizes a $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 }$-diffeomorphism of $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ onto $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
QIV.A Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Let $f$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying (1) on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$: $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \quad \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) \times \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) - \left( \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y ) \right) ^ { 2 } = 1$$ For $( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, let $u ( x , y ) = x + \frac { \partial f } { \partial x } ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) = y + \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } ( x , y )$ and $F ( x , y ) = ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) )$. We assume that $\frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) > 0$ for all $( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
If $( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, show that $\operatorname { Jac } F ( x , y ) - I _ { 2 }$ (where $I _ { 2 }$ denotes the identity matrix of order 2) is symmetric positive semidefinite. Deduce that $F$ is a $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 }$-diffeomorphism of $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ onto $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
QIV.B Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Let $f$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying (1) on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$: $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \quad \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) \times \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) - \left( \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y ) \right) ^ { 2 } = 1$$ For $( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, let $u ( x , y ) = x + \frac { \partial f } { \partial x } ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) = y + \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } ( x , y )$ and $F ( x , y ) = ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) )$. We assume that $\frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) > 0$ for all $( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$. Let $r ( x , y ) = \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) , s ( x , y ) = \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y )$ and $t ( x , y ) = \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y )$ so that, for all $( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$, $r ( x , y ) > 0$ and $r ( x , y ) t ( x , y ) - s ( x , y ) ^ { 2 } = 1$.
  1. [IV.B.1)] Show that there exist two functions $\varphi$ and $\psi$ in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 1 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ such that $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \left\{ \begin{array} { l } \varphi ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) ) = x - \frac { \partial f } { \partial x } ( x , y ) \\ \psi ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) ) = - y + \frac { \partial f } { \partial y } ( x , y ) \end{array} \right.$$
  2. [IV.B.2)] Compute $\frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial u } ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) ) , \frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial v } ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) ) , \frac { \partial \psi } { \partial u } ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) )$ and $\frac { \partial \psi } { \partial v } ( u ( x , y ) , v ( x , y ) )$ (which we will abbreviate as $\frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial u } , \frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial v } , \frac { \partial \psi } { \partial u }$ and $\frac { \partial \psi } { \partial v }$) in terms of $r ( x , y ) , s ( x , y )$ and $t ( x , y )$ (which we will abbreviate as $r , s$ and $t$).
  3. [IV.B.3)] Show that $\frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial u }$ and $\frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial v }$ are bounded on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$.
  4. [IV.B.4)] Show, using the first part, that $\frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial u }$ and $\frac { \partial \varphi } { \partial v }$ are constant.
  5. [IV.B.5)] Deduce that $r , s$ and $t$ are constant.
QIV.C Differential equations Higher-Order and Special DEs (Proof/Theory) View
Let $f$ be in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying (1) on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$: $$\forall ( x , y ) \in \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \quad \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) \times \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial y ^ { 2 } } ( x , y ) - \left( \frac { \partial ^ { 2 } f } { \partial x \partial y } ( x , y ) \right) ^ { 2 } = 1$$ We denote by $\mathcal { P } _ { 2 }$ the set of polynomial functions of degree $\leqslant 2$ from $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ to $\mathbb { R }$.
Show that the only functions in $\mathcal { C } ^ { 2 } \left( \mathbb { R } ^ { 2 } , \mathbb { R } \right)$ satisfying (1) on $\mathbb { R } ^ { 2 }$ belong to $\mathcal { P } _ { 2 }$.