grandes-ecoles

Papers (176)
2025
centrale-maths1__official 40 centrale-maths2__official 36 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 17 mines-ponts-maths1__pc 21 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 21 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 28 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 23 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 25 polytechnique-maths-a__mp 35 polytechnique-maths__fui 9 polytechnique-maths__pc 27 x-ens-maths-a__fui 10 x-ens-maths-a__mp 18 x-ens-maths-b__mp 6 x-ens-maths-c__mp 6 x-ens-maths-d__mp 31 x-ens-maths__pc 27 x-ens-maths__psi 30
2024
centrale-maths1__official 21 centrale-maths2__official 28 geipi-polytech__maths 9 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 23 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 9 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 14 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 19 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 20 polytechnique-maths-a__mp 42 polytechnique-maths-b__mp 27 x-ens-maths-a__mp 43 x-ens-maths-b__mp 29 x-ens-maths-c__mp 22 x-ens-maths-d__mp 41 x-ens-maths__pc 20 x-ens-maths__psi 23
2023
centrale-maths1__official 37 centrale-maths2__official 32 e3a-polytech-maths__mp 4 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 14 mines-ponts-maths1__pc 21 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 21 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 21 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 13 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 22 polytechnique-maths__fui 3 x-ens-maths-a__mp 24 x-ens-maths-b__mp 10 x-ens-maths-c__mp 10 x-ens-maths-d__mp 10 x-ens-maths__pc 22
2022
centrale-maths1__mp 22 centrale-maths1__pc 33 centrale-maths1__psi 42 centrale-maths2__mp 26 centrale-maths2__pc 37 centrale-maths2__psi 40 mines-ponts-maths1__mp 26 mines-ponts-maths1__pc 20 mines-ponts-maths1__psi 23 mines-ponts-maths2__mp 22 mines-ponts-maths2__pc 9 mines-ponts-maths2__psi 18 x-ens-maths-a__mp 8 x-ens-maths-b__mp 19 x-ens-maths-c__mp 17 x-ens-maths-d__mp 47 x-ens-maths1__mp 13 x-ens-maths2__mp 26 x-ens-maths__pc 7 x-ens-maths__pc_cpge 14 x-ens-maths__psi 22 x-ens-maths__psi_cpge 26
2021
centrale-maths1__mp 34 centrale-maths1__pc 36 centrale-maths1__psi 28 centrale-maths2__mp 21 centrale-maths2__pc 38 centrale-maths2__psi 28 x-ens-maths2__mp 35 x-ens-maths__pc 29
2020
centrale-maths1__mp 42 centrale-maths1__pc 36 centrale-maths1__psi 38 centrale-maths2__mp 2 centrale-maths2__pc 35 centrale-maths2__psi 39 mines-ponts-maths1__mp_cpge 22 mines-ponts-maths2__mp_cpge 19 x-ens-maths-a__mp_cpge 10 x-ens-maths-b__mp_cpge 19 x-ens-maths-c__mp 10 x-ens-maths-d__mp 13 x-ens-maths1__mp 13 x-ens-maths2__mp 20 x-ens-maths__pc 6
2019
centrale-maths1__mp 37 centrale-maths1__pc 40 centrale-maths1__psi 38 centrale-maths2__mp 37 centrale-maths2__pc 39 centrale-maths2__psi 46 x-ens-maths1__mp 24 x-ens-maths__pc 18 x-ens-maths__psi 9
2018
centrale-maths1__mp 21 centrale-maths1__pc 31 centrale-maths1__psi 39 centrale-maths2__mp 23 centrale-maths2__pc 35 centrale-maths2__psi 30 x-ens-maths1__mp 18 x-ens-maths2__mp 13 x-ens-maths__pc 17 x-ens-maths__psi 20
2017
centrale-maths1__mp 45 centrale-maths1__pc 22 centrale-maths1__psi 17 centrale-maths2__mp 30 centrale-maths2__pc 28 centrale-maths2__psi 44 x-ens-maths1__mp 24 x-ens-maths2__mp 7 x-ens-maths__pc 17 x-ens-maths__psi 19
2016
centrale-maths1__mp 41 centrale-maths1__pc 31 centrale-maths1__psi 33 centrale-maths2__mp 25 centrale-maths2__pc 42 centrale-maths2__psi 17 x-ens-maths1__mp 10 x-ens-maths2__mp 32 x-ens-maths__pc 1 x-ens-maths__psi 20
2015
centrale-maths1__mp 18 centrale-maths1__pc 11 centrale-maths1__psi 42 centrale-maths2__mp 44 centrale-maths2__pc 1 centrale-maths2__psi 14 x-ens-maths1__mp 16 x-ens-maths2__mp 19 x-ens-maths__pc 30 x-ens-maths__psi 20
2014
centrale-maths1__mp 28 centrale-maths1__pc 26 centrale-maths1__psi 36 centrale-maths2__mp 24 centrale-maths2__pc 23 centrale-maths2__psi 29 x-ens-maths2__mp 13
2013
centrale-maths1__mp 3 centrale-maths1__pc 45 centrale-maths1__psi 20 centrale-maths2__mp 32 centrale-maths2__pc 50 centrale-maths2__psi 32 x-ens-maths1__mp 14 x-ens-maths2__mp 10 x-ens-maths__pc 22 x-ens-maths__psi 9
2012
centrale-maths1__pc 23 centrale-maths1__psi 20 centrale-maths2__mp 27 centrale-maths2__psi 20
2011
centrale-maths1__mp 27 centrale-maths1__pc 15 centrale-maths1__psi 21 centrale-maths2__mp 29 centrale-maths2__pc 8 centrale-maths2__psi 28
2010
centrale-maths1__mp 7 centrale-maths1__pc 23 centrale-maths1__psi 9 centrale-maths2__mp 10 centrale-maths2__pc 36 centrale-maths2__psi 27
2021 x-ens-maths__pc

29 maths questions

Let $Q \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ be a non-zero polynomial. We define the function: $$\begin{aligned} \varphi : [0,+\infty[ &\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \\ p &\mapsto \begin{cases} \ln\left(M_p(Q)\right) & \text{if } p > 0 \\ 0 & \text{if } p = 0 \end{cases} \end{aligned}$$ where $M_p(Q) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}\left|Q(e^{i\theta})\right|^p d\theta$. Show carefully that $\varphi$ is differentiable on $]0,+\infty[$ and compute its derivative on this interval.
Let $Q \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ be a non-zero polynomial. We define the function: $$\begin{aligned} \varphi : [0,+\infty[ &\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \\ p &\mapsto \begin{cases} \ln\left(M_p(Q)\right) & \text{if } p > 0 \\ 0 & \text{if } p = 0 \end{cases} \end{aligned}$$ where $M_p(Q) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}\left|Q(e^{i\theta})\right|^p d\theta$ and $M(Q) = \exp\left(\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}\ln\left|Q(e^{i\theta})\right|d\theta\right)$. Compute the limit of $\varphi'$ at $0^+$ then deduce that: $$M_p(Q)^{1/p} \underset{p \rightarrow 0^+}{\longrightarrow} M(Q).$$
For each complex number $w$, we denote by $\operatorname{Re}(w)$ the real part of $w$. Show that, for all $z \in \stackrel{\circ}{\mathbb{D}}$: $$\ln|1-z| = -\operatorname{Re}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{z^n}{n}\right)$$ To do this, one may write $z = re^{i\theta}$ with $0 \leq r < 1$ and $\theta \in \mathbb{R}$, then study the function: $$\begin{aligned} F : [0,1[ &\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \\ \rho &\mapsto \ln\left|1 - \rho e^{i\theta}\right| \end{aligned}$$
Q2.14 Laws of Logarithms Deduction or Consequence from Prior Results View
Let $z \in \stackrel{\circ}{\mathbb{D}}$. Using the result that for all $z \in \stackrel{\circ}{\mathbb{D}}$, $\ln|1-z| = -\operatorname{Re}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{z^n}{n}\right)$, deduce that the Mahler measure of the polynomial $X - z$ is 1 and, in the case where $z \neq 0$, that of the polynomial $X - z^{-1}$ is $|z|^{-1}$.
Q2.15 Laws of Logarithms Existence Proof View
Using the result of question 2.14, show that, for all $z \in \partial\mathbb{D}$, the Mahler measure of $X - z$ is 1.
To do this, one may be interested in the function: $$\begin{aligned} g : [0,1[ &\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \\ r &\mapsto M(X - rz) \end{aligned}$$ and note that, for all $r \in [0,1[$ and $\theta, \psi \in \mathbb{R}$, we have the inequality $\left|e^{i\theta} - re^{i\psi}\right| \geq |\sin(\theta - \psi)|$.
Q2.16 Laws of Logarithms Deduction or Consequence from Prior Results View
Let $\lambda$ be the leading coefficient of $Q$ and let $\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_n$ be the roots of $Q$ counted with multiplicity. Deduce from the previous questions that: $$M(Q) = |\lambda| \prod_{i=1}^n \max\left\{1, \left|\alpha_i\right|\right\}$$
We are given a polynomial $P \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ of degree $d$. Show that, for all $z \in \mathbb{C}$ and all $r \in \mathbb{R}$, we have: $$P(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} P\left(z + re^{i\theta}\right) d\theta$$
Q3.18 Roots of polynomials Properties of Analytic/Entire Functions View
We are given a polynomial $P \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ of degree $d$. Deduce from question 3.17 that: $$\|P\|_{\mathbb{D}} = \|P\|_{\partial\mathbb{D}}$$ One may apply question 3.17 to an element $z \in \mathbb{D}$ such that $|P(z)| = \|P\|_{\mathbb{D}}$.
We are given a polynomial $P \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ of degree $d$. Show that, for all $z \in \mathbb{C}$: $$|P(z)| \leq \|P\|_{\partial\mathbb{D}} \max\{1, |z|\}^d.$$ One may apply question 3.18 to the polynomials $P(X)$ and $Q(X) = X^d P\left(X^{-1}\right)$.
We fix two non-zero natural integers $n$ and $m$ as well as two polynomials $Q \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ and $R \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ of degrees $n$ and $m$ respectively. We introduce the polynomial $P = QR$ and we denote by $\lambda$ its leading coefficient and $\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_{n+m}$ its roots counted with multiplicity.
Show that there exist $u$ and $v$ in $\partial\mathbb{D}$ such that: $$\|Q\|_{\mathbb{D}} \|R\|_{\mathbb{D}} \leq |\lambda| \cdot \prod_{i=1}^{n+m} \max\left\{\left|u - \alpha_i\right|, \left|v - \alpha_i\right|\right\}.$$
We fix two non-zero natural integers $n$ and $m$ as well as two polynomials $Q \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ and $R \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ of degrees $n$ and $m$ respectively. We introduce the polynomial $P = QR$ and we denote by $\lambda$ its leading coefficient and $\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_{n+m}$ its roots counted with multiplicity.
Deduce from question 3.20 that: $$\|Q\|_{\mathbb{D}} \|R\|_{\mathbb{D}} \leq M(S)$$ where $S$ is the polynomial defined by: $$S(X) = (X-1)^{m+n} P\left(\frac{uX - v}{X - 1}\right)$$
We fix two non-zero natural integers $n$ and $m$ as well as two polynomials $Q \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ and $R \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ of degrees $n$ and $m$ respectively. We introduce the polynomial $P = QR$. We set $w = \frac{v}{u}$. Show that: $$M(S) \leq \|P\|_{\mathbb{D}} \exp\left(\frac{n+m}{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} \ln\left(\max\left\{\left|e^{i\theta} - 1\right|, \left|e^{i\theta} - w\right|\right\}\right) d\theta\right)$$
We fix two non-zero natural integers $n$ and $m$ as well as two polynomials $Q \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ and $R \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ of degrees $n$ and $m$ respectively. We introduce the polynomial $P = QR$. We set $C = \exp\left(\frac{I}{2\pi}\right)$ with: $$I = \int_0^{2\pi} \ln\left(\max\left\{\left|e^{i\theta} - 1\right|, \left|e^{i\theta} + 1\right|\right\}\right) d\theta$$ Using the previous questions, show that: $$\|Q\|_{\mathbb{D}} \|R\|_{\mathbb{D}} \leq C^{n+m} \|P\|_{\mathbb{D}}$$
Q3.24 Sequences and Series Evaluation of a Finite or Infinite Sum View
We set $C = \exp\left(\frac{I}{2\pi}\right)$ with: $$I = \int_0^{2\pi} \ln\left(\max\left\{\left|e^{i\theta} - 1\right|, \left|e^{i\theta} + 1\right|\right\}\right) d\theta$$ Show that: $$I = 4\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)^2}$$ You may use the result from question 2.13.
Q3.25 Sequences and Series Estimation or Bounding of a Sum View
We set $C = \exp\left(\frac{I}{2\pi}\right)$ with $I = 4\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)^2}$. The calculator gives: $$\begin{aligned} \exp\left(\frac{2}{\pi}\sum_{k=0}^5 \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)^2}\right) &\approx 1{,}78774486868 \\ \exp\left(\frac{2}{\pi}\sum_{k=0}^6 \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)^2}\right) &\approx 1{,}79449196958 \end{aligned}$$ Can we deduce the rounding of $C$ to $10^{-2}$ precision? If yes, give the value of this rounding. In any case, justify the answer properly.
Q3.26 Roots of polynomials Algebraic Number Theory over C View
We set $C = \exp\left(\frac{I}{2\pi}\right)$ with $I = \int_0^{2\pi} \ln\left(\max\left\{\left|e^{i\theta}-1\right|, \left|e^{i\theta}+1\right|\right\}\right)d\theta$. For each natural integer $k \geq 2$, we set: $$\begin{aligned} & Q_k(X) = \prod_{\zeta \in U}(X - \zeta), \\ & R_k(X) = \prod_{\zeta \in V}(X - \zeta), \end{aligned}$$ where $U$ denotes the set of $k$-th roots of unity $\zeta$ such that $|\zeta - 1| \leq |\zeta + 1|$ and $V$ the set of $k$-th roots of unity that are not in $U$. By bounding below the quotient: $$\frac{\left\|Q_k\right\|_{\mathbb{D}} \left\|R_k\right\|_{\mathbb{D}}}{\left\|Q_k R_k\right\|_{\mathbb{D}}},$$ show that: $$C = \inf\left\{\lambda \in \mathbb{R} \left\lvert\, \begin{array}{c} \forall Q \in \mathbb{C}[X]\backslash\{0\},\quad \forall R \in \mathbb{C}[X]\backslash\{0\}, \\ \|Q\|_{\mathbb{D}} \|R\|_{\mathbb{D}} \leq \lambda^{\operatorname{deg}(QR)} \|QR\|_{\mathbb{D}} \end{array} \right.\right\},$$ where $\operatorname{deg}(QR)$ denotes the degree of $QR$.
Let $I = [a,b]$ be a segment of $\mathbb{R}$, and let $n$ and $m$ be two non-zero natural integers. We recall: $$C_{n,m}^I = \sup\left\{\left.\frac{\|Q\|_I \|R\|_I}{\|QR\|_I}\right\rvert\, Q \in \mathbb{C}_n[X]\backslash\{0\}, R \in \mathbb{C}_m[X]\backslash\{0\}\right\} \in \mathbb{R} \cup \{+\infty\}$$ Deduce from question 4.27 that the quantity $C_{n,m}^I$ does not depend on the segment $I$.
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and write $C_{n,m}$ instead of $C_{n,m}^I$. We fix an extremal pair $(Q_0, R_0)$, i.e., $Q_0$ and $R_0$ are monic and $\frac{\|Q_0\|_I \|R_0\|_I}{\|Q_0 R_0\|_I} = C_{n,m}$.
Let $J$ be a segment contained in $I$ such that $\left\|Q_0\right\|_J = \left\|Q_0\right\|_I$ and $\left\|R_0\right\|_J = \left\|R_0\right\|_I$. Show that: $$\left\|Q_0 R_0\right\|_J = \left\|Q_0 R_0\right\|_I$$
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and write $C_{n,m}$ instead of $C_{n,m}^I$. We fix an extremal pair $(Q_0, R_0)$. Deduce from questions 4.27 and 4.29 that there exists an extremal pair $(Q_1, R_1)$ such that: $$\left\|Q_1\right\|_I = \left|Q_1(-1)\right| \quad \text{and} \quad \left\|R_1\right\|_I = \left|R_1(1)\right|$$
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and write $C_{n,m}$ instead of $C_{n,m}^I$. Let $(Q_1, R_1)$ be an extremal pair such that $\left\|Q_1\right\|_I = \left|Q_1(-1)\right|$ and $\left\|R_1\right\|_I = \left|R_1(1)\right|$. Let $n_1$ and $m_1$ be the degrees of $Q_1$ and $R_1$ respectively. We set $Q_2 = X^{n-n_1} Q_1$ and $R_2 = X^{m-m_1} R_1$.
Show that $(Q_2, R_2)$ is a good extremal pair, i.e., $Q_2$ and $R_2$ are monic of degrees $n$ and $m$ respectively, $\frac{\|Q_2\|_I \|R_2\|_I}{\|Q_2 R_2\|_I} = C_{n,m}$, and $\|Q_2\|_I = |Q_2(-1)|$, $\|R_2\|_I = |R_2(1)|$.
Q4.32 Proof Existence Proof View
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and write $C_{n,m}$ instead of $C_{n,m}^I$. Let $(Q_2, R_2)$ be a good extremal pair. Let $w$ be a root of $Q_2$ and let $S \in \mathbb{C}[X]$ be such that: $$Q_2(X) = (X - w)S(X)$$ By setting: $$S_2(X) = (X + 1 - |w+1|)S(X)$$ show that $(S_2, R_2)$ is a good extremal pair.
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and write $C_{n,m}$ instead of $C_{n,m}^I$. Deduce from question 4.32 that there exists a polynomial $Q_3$ whose roots are all in $[-1, +\infty[$ and such that the pair $(Q_3, R_2)$ forms a good extremal pair.
Q4.34 Proof Existence Proof View
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and write $C_{n,m}$ instead of $C_{n,m}^I$. Show that there exists a polynomial $Q_4$ whose roots are all in $I$ and such that the pair $(Q_4, R_2)$ forms a good extremal pair.
To do this, given a root $w$ of $Q_3$ that is not in $I$, one may introduce the polynomial: $$S_3(X) = \frac{X-1}{X-w} Q_3(X)$$ then one may follow the method used in the two previous questions.
Q4.35 Proof Existence Proof View
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and write $C_{n,m}$ instead of $C_{n,m}^I$. Briefly explain why there exists a polynomial $R_4$ such that the pair $(Q_4, R_4)$ forms a very good extremal pair, i.e., a good extremal pair in which all complex roots of $Q_4$ and $R_4$ are contained in $I$.
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and fix any very good extremal pair $(Q, R)$. We set $P = QR$ and denote by $x_1 \leq \ldots \leq x_{n+m}$ the roots of $P$ counted with multiplicity. Show that: $$Q = \prod_{k=m+1}^{n+m}\left(X - x_k\right) \quad \text{and} \quad R = \prod_{k=1}^{m}\left(X - x_k\right)$$
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and fix any very good extremal pair $(Q, R)$. We set $P = QR$ and denote by $x_1 \leq \ldots \leq x_{n+m}$ the roots of $P$ counted with multiplicity, with $Q = \prod_{k=m+1}^{n+m}(X-x_k)$ and $R = \prod_{k=1}^{m}(X-x_k)$.
Verify that for all $x \in ]-\infty, -1[$, we have $|Q(x)| > |Q(-1)|$.
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and fix any very good extremal pair $(Q, R)$. We set $P = QR$. By contradiction, show that $|P(-1)| = \|P\|_I$.
To do this, one may choose a real number $\epsilon > 0$, introduce the segment $I_\epsilon = [-1-\epsilon, 1]$ and bound the quantity: $$\frac{\|Q\|_{I_\epsilon} \|R\|_{I_\epsilon}}{\|P\|_{I_\epsilon}}$$ using question 4.37.
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and fix any very good extremal pair $(Q, R)$. We set $P = QR$. By considering the function: $$\begin{aligned} f : \mathbb{R} &\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \\ y &\mapsto P(\cos y), \end{aligned}$$ verify that for all $x \in [-1,1]$, $$P(x) = \|P\|_I \cos\left((n+m)\operatorname{Arccos} x\right).$$
We choose $I = [-1,1]$ and fix any very good extremal pair $(Q, R)$. We set $P = QR$. Deduce from question 4.43 that: $$C_{n,m} = 2^{n+m-1} \cdot \left[\prod_{k=1}^n \left(1 + \cos\left(\frac{2k-1}{2(n+m)}\pi\right)\right)\right] \cdot \left[\prod_{k=1}^m \left(1 + \cos\left(\frac{2k-1}{2(n+m)}\pi\right)\right)\right].$$