We fix a real $\alpha > 0$ and an integer $n \geq 1$. Subject to existence, we set
$$S _ { n , \alpha } ( t ) : = \sum _ { k = 1 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { k ^ { n } e ^ { - k t \alpha } } { \left( 1 - e ^ { - k t } \right) ^ { n } }$$
We also introduce the function
$$\varphi _ { n , \alpha } : x \in \mathbf { R } _ { + } ^ { * } \mapsto \frac { x ^ { n } e ^ { - \alpha x } } { \left( 1 - e ^ { - x } \right) ^ { n } }$$
Show, for all real $t > 0$, the existence of $S _ { n , \alpha } ( t )$, its strict positivity, and the identity
$$\int _ { 0 } ^ { + \infty } \varphi _ { n , \alpha } ( x ) \mathrm { d } x = t ^ { n + 1 } S _ { n , \alpha } ( t ) - \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { + \infty } \int _ { k t } ^ { ( k + 1 ) t } ( x - k t ) \varphi _ { n , \alpha } ^ { \prime } ( x ) \mathrm { d } x$$
Deduce that
$$S _ { n , \alpha } ( t ) = \frac { 1 } { t ^ { n + 1 } } \int _ { 0 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { x ^ { n } e ^ { - \alpha x } } { \left( 1 - e ^ { - x } \right) ^ { n } } \mathrm {~d} x + O \left( \frac { 1 } { t ^ { n } } \right) \quad \text { as } t \rightarrow 0 ^ { + }$$

Using a series expansion under the integral, show that
$$\int _ { 0 } ^ { + \infty } \ln \left( 1 - e ^ { - u } \right) \mathrm { d } u = - \frac { \pi ^ { 2 } } { 6 }$$

We have $P ( z ) = \sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { + \infty } p _ { n } z ^ { n }$ for all $z \in D$, where $p_n$ denotes the number of partitions of $n$.
Let $n \in \mathbf { N }$. Show that for all real $t > 0$,
$$p _ { n } = \frac { e ^ { n t } P \left( e ^ { - t } \right) } { 2 \pi } \int _ { - \pi } ^ { \pi } e ^ { - i n \theta } \frac { P \left( e ^ { - t } e ^ { i \theta } \right) } { P \left( e ^ { - t } \right) } \mathrm { d } \theta \tag{1}$$

Using a series expansion under the integral, show that $$\int_{0}^{+\infty} \ln(1-e^{-u}) \mathrm{d}u = -\frac{\pi^2}{6}$$

Let $n \in \mathbf{N}$. Show that for all real $t > 0$, $$p_n = \frac{e^{nt} P(e^{-t})}{2\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} e^{-in\theta} \frac{P(e^{-t}e^{i\theta})}{P(e^{-t})} \mathrm{d}\theta \tag{1}$$

Explicitly determine $F^{\prime\prime}(x)$, where $F(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} f_n(x)$ and $f_n^{\prime\prime}(x) = (-1)^n 2^{-nx^2}$.

For all $n \in \mathbb{N}^\star$, let $f_n \in \mathcal{C}^2(]0,+\infty[)$ satisfy $f_n(1) = 0$, $f_n(2) = 0$ and $f_n^{\prime\prime}(x) = (-1)^n 2^{-nx^2}$ for all $x > 0$. Let $F : x \mapsto \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} f_n(x)$. Explicitly state $F^{\prime\prime}(x)$.

Let $\mathcal{B}_{n}$ be the set of matrices $M$ in $\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathbf{C})$ such that the sequence $\left(\left\|M^{k}\right\|_{\mathrm{op}}\right)_{k \in \mathbf{N}}$ is bounded. For $M \in \mathcal{B}_{n}$, we set $b(M) = \sup\left\{\left\|M^{k}\right\|_{\mathrm{op}}; k \in \mathbf{N}\right\}$.
Let $M \in \mathcal{B}_{n}$, $r \in ]1, +\infty[$ and $(X,Y) \in \mathcal{M}_{n,1}(\mathbf{C})^{2}$. Determine a sequence of complex numbers $(c_{j})_{j \in \mathbf{N}}$ such that the series $\sum c_{j}$ converges absolutely and that $$\forall t \in \mathbf{R}, \quad X^{T}R_{re^{it}}(M)Y = \sum_{j=0}^{+\infty} c_{j} e^{-i(j+1)t}.$$ If $k \in \mathbf{N}$, deduce, using question 9, an integral expression for $X^{T}M^{k}Y$.

For every integer $k \geqslant 2$, we set $\zeta(k) = \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} n^{-k}$.
We define a sequence of real numbers $(b_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ by setting $b_0 = 1$, $b_1 = -\frac{1}{2}$, then $$\forall n \in \mathbb{N}^*, \quad b_{2n+1} = 0 \quad \text{and} \quad b_{2n} = \frac{(-1)^{n-1}(2n)! \zeta(2n)}{2^{2n-1}\pi^{2n}}.$$
Calculate $b_2$, $b_4$ and $b_6$ then $\zeta(2)$, $\zeta(4)$ and $\zeta(6)$.

For every integer $k \geqslant 2$, we set $\zeta(k) = \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} n^{-k}$. We define a sequence of real numbers $(b_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ by setting $b_0 = 1$, $b_1 = -\frac{1}{2}$, then $$\forall n \in \mathbb{N}^*, \quad b_{2n+1} = 0 \quad \text{and} \quad b_{2n} = \frac{(-1)^{n-1}(2n)!\zeta(2n)}{2^{2n-1}\pi^{2n}}$$ Using the relation $\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{b_k}{k!(n+1-k)!} = 0$ for $n \geqslant 1$, calculate $b_2$, $b_4$ and $b_6$, then $\zeta(2)$, $\zeta(4)$ and $\zeta(6)$.

Suppose (for this question only) that $h$ is the function $x \mapsto x$. Determine a solution of $(E_{h})$: $$\forall x \in \mathbb{K},\, f(x+1) - f(x) = x$$ in $\mathbb{K}_{2}[X]$, then all polynomial solutions of the equation $(E_{h})$.

Using the Bernoulli polynomials $(B_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ satisfying $B_n(z+1) - B_n(z) = nz^{n-1}$ for all $n \in \mathbb{N}^*$, deduce the expression of a polynomial function satisfying the equation $(E_h)$: $$\forall x \in \mathbb{C},\, f(x+1) - f(x) = h(x)$$ on $\mathbb{C}$ when $h$ is a polynomial function.

Recall that $x$ is a fixed element of $]0;1[$. Deduce that:
$$\frac { \pi } { \sin ( \pi x ) } = \frac { 1 } { x } - \sum _ { n = 1 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { 2 ( - 1 ) ^ { n } x } { n ^ { 2 } - x ^ { 2 } }$$

Show that for all $n \in \mathbf { N } ^ { * }$:
$$\int _ { \frac { \pi } { 2 } + ( n - 1 ) \pi } ^ { \frac { \pi } { 2 } + n \pi } ( \cos ( t ) ) ^ { 2 p } \frac { \sin ( t ) } { t } \mathrm {~d} t = \int _ { 0 } ^ { \frac { \pi } { 2 } } ( \cos ( t ) ) ^ { 2 p } \frac { 2 ( - 1 ) ^ { n } t \sin ( t ) } { t ^ { 2 } - n ^ { 2 } \pi ^ { 2 } } \mathrm {~d} t$$

Deduce that:
$$\int _ { \frac { \pi } { 2 } } ^ { + \infty } ( \cos ( t ) ) ^ { 2 p } \frac { \sin ( t ) } { t } \mathrm {~d} t = \int _ { 0 } ^ { \frac { \pi } { 2 } } ( \cos ( t ) ) ^ { 2 p } \left( \sum _ { n = 1 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { 2 ( - 1 ) ^ { n } t \sin ( t ) } { t ^ { 2 } - n ^ { 2 } \pi ^ { 2 } } \right) \mathrm { d } t$$

Let $G = ( S , A )$ be a graph with $| S | = n \geq 2$. We write $\chi _ { G } ( X ) = X ^ { n } + \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { n - 1 } a _ { k } X ^ { k }$. Give the value of $a _ { n - 1 }$ and express $a _ { n - 2 }$ in terms of $| A |$.

Show the equality $$v_n(k) = \sum_{i=1}^{r} b_i e^{a_i} \int_{a_i}^{\infty} e^{-t} t^{n-kr} (t - a_1)^k \cdots (t - a_r)^k\, dt.$$

Show that for any non-zero natural integer $n$, $$D_{n} = n! \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{k!}$$

Let $n$ be a non-zero natural integer. For any permutation $\sigma \in \mathfrak{S}_{n}$, we recall that there exists, up to order, a unique decomposition $\sigma = c_{1} c_{2} \cdots c_{\omega(\sigma)}$, where $\omega(\sigma) \in \mathbb{N}^{*}$ where $c_{1}, \ldots, c_{\omega(\sigma)}$ are cycles with disjoint supports of respective lengths $\ell_{1} \leqslant \ell_{2} \leqslant \cdots \leqslant \ell_{\omega(\sigma)}$ and $\ell_{1} + \ell_{2} + \cdots + \ell_{\omega(\sigma)} = n$. For an integer $k$ at most $n$, we denote by $s(n,k)$ the number of permutations of $\mathfrak{S}_{n}$ such that $\omega(\sigma) = k$.
Show that $$\frac{1}{n!} \sum_{k=1}^{n} k(k-1) s(n,k) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} \frac{1}{ij} - \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{i^{2}}.$$

Let $\left(a_{n}\right)_{n \geqslant 2}$ be a sequence of real numbers. For $t \in \mathbb{R}$, we set $A(t) = \sum_{2 \leqslant k \leqslant t} a_{k}$. Let $b : [2, +\infty[ \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a function of class $\mathscr{C}^{1}$. Show that for any integer $n \geqslant 2$, $$\sum_{k=2}^{n} a_{k} b(k) = A(n) b(n) - \int_{2}^{n} b^{\prime}(t) A(t) \mathrm{d}t.$$

For any non-zero natural integer $n$, we set $$\omega(n) = \operatorname{Card}\{p \text{ prime} : p \mid n\} = \sum_{\substack{p \mid n \\ p \text{ prime}}} 1.$$ Let $\left(a_n\right)_{n \geqslant 2}$ be a sequence of real numbers. For $t \in \mathbb{R}$, we set $A(t) = \sum_{2 \leqslant k \leqslant t} a_k$. Let $b : [2, +\infty[ \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a function of class $\mathscr{C}^1$. Show that for any integer $n \geqslant 2$, $$\sum_{k=2}^{n} a_k b(k) = A(n)b(n) - \int_2^n b'(t) A(t) \, \mathrm{d}t$$

Prove that $$\sum _ { n = 0 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { ( - 1 ) ^ { n } } { 2 n + 1 } = \frac { \pi } { 4 }$$

Let $r$ and $s$ be two strictly positive natural integers such that $r > s$, and
$$J _ { r , s } = \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { + \infty } \frac { 1 } { ( r + k + 1 ) ( s + k + 1 ) }$$
Deduce that
$$J _ { r , s } = \frac { 1 } { r - s } \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { + \infty } \left( \frac { 1 } { s + k + 1 } - \frac { 1 } { r + k + 1 } \right)$$

Let $r$ and $s$ be two strictly positive natural integers such that $r > s$, and
$$J _ { r , s } = \frac { 1 } { r - s } \sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { + \infty } \left( \frac { 1 } { s + k + 1 } - \frac { 1 } { r + k + 1 } \right)$$
Deduce that
$$J _ { r , s } = \frac { 1 } { r - s } \sum _ { k = s + 1 } ^ { r } \frac { 1 } { k }$$

In this question, we set $p = q = 1$. Show that $$\phi _ { 1,1 } ( n ) = \int _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \frac { 1 } { 1 + t } d t - \int _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \frac { ( - t ) ^ { n + 1 } } { 1 + t } d t$$ where $\phi_{1,1}(n) = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \dfrac{(-1)^k}{k+1}$.